PATRONYS A GESCOWS
TY HA MY
Bos
Present Present
Osta ...? Are you ...?
Ov, ... ov vy Yes, I am ...
Nag ov, nyns ov vy ... No, I am not ...
Esta ...? Are you ...? (in a place)
Eso’, th’eso’vy ... Yes, I am ... (in a place)
Nag eso’, nyns eso’vy ... No, I am not ... (in a place)
Termyn eus passys Past
Es jy ...? Were you ...?
En, ... en vy Yes, I was ...
Nag en, nyns en vy ... No, I was not ...
Eses jy ...? Were you ...? (in a place)
Esen, th’esen vy ... Yes, I was ... (in a place)
Nag esen, nyns esen vy ... No, I was not ... (in a place)
A veusta ...? Have you been ...?
Beuv, me re beu ... Yes, I have been ...
Na veuv, ny veu’vy ... No, I have not been ...
A veusta ...? Had you been ...?
Beuv, me a veu (y feuma) ... Yes, I had been ...
Na veuv, ny veu’vy ... No, I had not been ...
Termyn a dheu Future
A vedhys jy ...? Will you be ...?
Bedha’, me a vëdh (y fedhama) ... Yes, I will be ...
Na vedha’, ny vedha’vy ... No, I will not be ...
Amser ambosek Conditional
A vies jy ...? Would you be ...?
Bien, me a via (y fien vy) ... Yes, I would be ...
Na vien, ny vien vy ... No, I would not be ...
PATRONYS A GESCOWS
TY HA MY
Gwil nampyth (oll gans verb-hanow)
Present Present
Esta ow4 ....? Are you ...?
Do you ...?
Eso’, th’eso’vy ow4 ... Yes, I am ...
Yes, I do ...
Nag eso’, nyns eso’vy ow4 ... No, I am not ...
No, I do not ...
Termys eus passys Past
Esen vy ow4 ...? Were you ...?
Esen, th’esen vy ow4 ... Yes, I was ...
Nag esen, nyns esen vy ow4 ... No, I was not ...
A wrusta ...? Did you ...?
Have you ...?
Gwrug, me a wrug ... Yes, I did ...
Gwrug, my re wrug ... Yes, I have ...
Na wrug, ny wrug avy ... No, I did not ...
No, I have not ...
Termyn a dheu Future
A vynta ...?
A wrêta ...? Will you ...?
A vedhys jy ow4 ...?
Mydna’, me a vydn ...
Gwrav, me a wra ... Yes, I will ...
Bedha’, me a vëdh
(y fedhama) ow4 ...
Na vydna’, ny vydna’vy ...
Na wrav, ny wra’vy ... No, I won’t ...
Na vedha’, ny vedha’vy ow4 ...
PATRONYS A GESCOWS
WHY HA NY
Bos
Present Present
O’why ...? Are you ...?
On, ... on ny Yes, we are ...
Nag on, nyns on ny ... No, we are not ...
Eso’why ...? Are you ...? (in a place)
Eson, th’eson ny ... Yes, we are ... (in a place)
Nag eson, nyns eson ny ... No, we are not ... (in a place)
Termyn eus passys Past
E’why ...? Were you ...?
En, ... en ny Yes, we were ...
Nag en, nyns en ny ... No, we were not ...
Ese’why ...? Were you ...? (in a place)
Esen, th’esen ny ... Yes, we were ... (in a place)
Nag esen, nyns esen ny ... No, we were not ... (in a place)
A ve’why ...? Have you been ...?
Beun, ny re beu ... Yes, we have been ...
Na veun, ny veun ny ... No, we have not been ...
A ve’why ...? Had you been ...?
Beun, ny a veu (y feun ny) ... Yes, we had been ...
Na veun, ny veun ny ... No, we had not been ...
Termyn a dheu Future
A vedho’why ...? Will you be ...?
Bedhyn, ny a vëdh (y fedhyn ny) ... Yes, we will be ...
Na vedhyn, ny vedhyn ny ... No, we will not be ...
Amser ambosek Conditional
A vie’why ...? Would you be ...?
Bien, ny a via (y fien ny) ... Yes, we would be ...
Na vien, ny vien ny ... No, we would not be ...
PATRONYS A GESCOWS
WHY HA NY
Gwil nampyth (oll gans verb-hanow)
Present Present
Eso’why ow4 ....? Are you ...?
Do you ...?
Eson, th’eson ny ow4 ... Yes, we are ...
Yes, we do ...
Nag eson, nyns eson ny ow4 ... No, we are not ...
No, we do not ...
Termyn eus passys Past
Ese’why ow4 ...? Were you ...?
Esen, th’esen ny ow4 ... Yes, we were ...
Nag esen, nyns esen ny ow4 ... No, we were not ...
A wrusso’why ...? Did you ...?
Have you ...?
Gwrussyn, ny a wrug ... Yes, we did ...
Gwrussyn, ny re wrug ... Yes, we have ...
Na wrussyn, ny wrussyn ny ... No, we did not ...
No, we have not ...
Termyn a dheu Future
A vydno’why ...?
A wre’why ...? Will you ...?
A vedho’why ow4 ...?
Mydnyn, ny a vydn ...
Gwren, ny a wra ... Yes, we will ...
Bedhyn, ny a vëdh
(y fedhyn ny) ow4 ...
Na vydnyn, ny vydnyn ny ...
Na wren, ny wren ny ... No, we won’t ...
Na vedhyn, ny vedhyn ny ow4 ...
PATRONYS A GESCOWS
EV (HY)
Bos
Present Present
Yw va (hy) ...? Is he-she-it ...?
Yw, ... yw va (hy) Yes, he-she-it is ...
Nag yw, nyns yw va (hy) ... No, he-she-it is not ...
Usy va (hy) ...? Is he-she-it ...? (in a place)
Usy, yma va (hy) ... Yes, he-she-it is ... (in a place)
Nag usy, nyns usy va (hy) ... No, he-she-it is not ... (in a place)
Termyn eus passys Past
O va (hy) ...? Was he-she-it ...?
O, ... o va (hy) Yes, he-she-it was ...
Nag o, nyns o va (hy) ... No, he-she-it was not ...
Esa va (hy) ...? Was he-she-it ...? (in a place)
Esa, th’esa va (hy) ... Yes, he-she-it was ... (in a place)
Nag esa, nyns esa va (hy) ... No, he-she-it was not ... (in a place)
A veu va (hy) ...? Has he-she-it been ...?
Beu, ev (hy) re beu ... Yes, he-she-it has been ...
Na veu, ny veu va (hy) ... No, he-she-it has not been ...
A veu va (hy) ...? Had he-she-it been ...?
Beu, ev (hy) a veu (y feu va / hy) ... Yes, he-she-it I had been ...
Na veu, ny veu va (hy) ... No, he-she-it had not been ...
Termyn a dheu Future
A vëdh ev (hy) ...? Will he-she-it be ...?
Bëdh, ev (hy) a vëdh (y fëdh ev / hy) ... Yes, he-she-it will be ...
Na vëdh, ny vëdh ev (hy) ... No, he-she-it will not be ...
Amser ambosek Conditional
A via va (hy) ...? Would he-she-it be ...?
Bia, ev (hy) a via (y fia va / hy) ... Yes, he-she-it would be ...
Na via, ny via va (hy) ... No, he-she-it would not be ...
PATRONYS A GESCOWS
EV (HY)
Gwil nampyth (oll gans verb-hanow)
Present Present
Usy va (hy) ow4 ....? Is he-she-it ...?
Does he-she-it ...?
Usy, yma va (hy) ow4 ... Yes, he-she-it is ...
Yes, he-she-it does ...
Nag usy, nyns usy va (hy) ow4 ... No, he-she-it is not ...
No, he-she-it does not ...
Termyn eus passys Past
Esa va (hy) ow4 ...? Was he-she-it ...?
Esa, th’esa va (hy) ow4 ... Yes, he-she-it was ...
Nag esa, nyns esa va (hy) ow4 ... No, he-she-it was not ...
A wrug ev (hy) ...? Did he-she-it ...?
Has he-she-it ...?
Gwrug, ev (hy) a wrug ... Yes, he-she-it did ...
Gwrug, ev (hy) re wrug ... Yes, he-she-it has ...
Na wrug, ny wrug ev (hy) ... No, he-she-it did not ...
No, he-she-it has not ...
Amser ambosek Future
A vydn ev (hy)...?
A wra va (hy)...? Will he-she-it ...?
A vëdh ev (hy) ow4 ...?
Mydn, ev (hy) a vydn ...
Gwra, ev (hy) a wra ... Yes, he-she-it will ...
Bëdh, ev (hy) a vëdh
(y fëdh ev / hy) ow4 ...
Na vydn, ny vydn ev (hy) ...
Na wra, ny wra va (hy) ... No, he-she-it won’t ...
Na vëdh, ny vëdh ev (hy) ow4 ...
PATRONYS A GESCOWS
Y
Bos
Present Present
Yns y ...? Are they ...?
Yns, ... yns y Yes, they are ...
Nag yns, nyns yns y ... No, they are not ...
Usons y ...? Are they ...? (in a place)
Usons, ymowns y ... Yes, they are ... (in a place)
Nag usons, nyns usons y ... No, they are not ... (in a place)
Termyn eus passys Past
Êns y ...? Were they ...?
Êns, ... êns y Yes, they were ...
Nag êns, nyns êns y ... No, they were not ...
Esens y ...? Were they ...? (in a place)
Esens, th’esens y ... Yes, they were ... (in a place)
Nag esens, nyns esens y ... No, they were not ... (in a place)
A vowns y ...? Have they been ...?
Bowns, y re beu ... Yes, they have been ...
Na vowns, ny vowns y ... No, they have not been ...
A vowns y ...? Had they been ...?
Bowns, y a veu (y fowns y) ... Yes, they had been ...
Na vowns, ny vowns y ... No, they had not been ...
Termyn a dheu Future
A vedhons y ...? Will they be ...?
Bedhons, y a vëdh (y fedhons y) ... Yes, they will be ...
Na vedhons, ny vedhons y ... No, they will not be ...
Termyn ambosek Conditional
A viens y ...? Would they be ...?
Biens, y a via (y fiens y) ... Yes, they would be ...
Na viens, ny viens y ... No, they would not be ...
PATRONYS A GESCOWS
Y
Gwil nampyth (oll gans verb-hanow)
Present Present
Usons y ow4 ....? Are they ...?
Do they ...?
Usons, ymowns y ow4 ... Yes, they are ...
Yes, they do ...
Nag usons, nyns usons y ow4 ... No, they are not ...
No, they do not ...
Termyn eus passys Past
Esens y ow4 ...? Were they ...?
Esens, th’esens y ow4 ... Yes, they were ...
Nag esens, nyns esens y ow4 ... No, they were not ...
A wrussons y ...? Did they ...?
Have they ...?
Gwrussons, y a wrug ... Yes, they did ...
Gwrussons, y re wrug ... Yes, they have ...
Na wrussons, ny wrussons y ... No, they did not ...
No, they have not ...
Termyn a dheu Future
A vydnons y ...?
A wrowns y ...? Will they ...?
A vedhons y ow4 ...?
Mydnons, y a vydn ...
Gwrowns, y a wra ... Yes, they will ...
Bedhons, y a vëdh
(y fedhons y) ow4 ...
Na vydnons, ny vydnons y ...
Na wrowns, ny wrowns y ... No, they won’t ...
Na vedhons, ny vedhons y ow4 ...
PATRONYS A GESCOWS
TY HA MY
Gallos (oll gans verb-hanow)
Godhvos (gans verb-hanow = ‘know how to’)
Gallos: present Can: present
A alla’vy ...? Can I ...?
Gyllyth, te a yll (y hylta) ... Yes, you can ...
Na yllyth, ny ylta ... No, you cannot ...
A ylta ....? Can you ...?
Galla’, me a yll (y hallama) ... Yes, I can ...
Na alla’, ny alla’vy ... No, I cannot ...
Gallos: termyn eus passys Can: past
A yllys jy ...? Were you able to ...?
Have you been able to ...?
Gyllyn, me a ylly (y hyllyn vy) ... Yes, I was able to...
Yes, I have been able to ...
Na yllyn, ny yllyn vy ... No, I was not able to ...
No, I have not been able to ...
Gallos: amser ambosek Can: conditional
A alses jy ...? Would you be able to ...?
Galsen, me a alsa (y halsen vy) ... Yes, I would be able to ...
Na alsen, ny alsen vy ... No, I would not be able to ...
Gallos: present Know: present
A wosta? Do you know?
Gora’, me a wor Yes, I know
Na wora’, ny worama (wòn) No, I do not know
Gallos: termyn eus passys Know: past
A wodhyes jy? Did you know?
Godhyen, me a wodhya Yes, I knew
Na wodhyen, ny wodhyen vy No, I did not know
PATRONYS A GESCOWS
WHY HA NY
Gallos (oll gans verb-hanow)
Godhvos (gans verb-hanow = ‘know how to’)
Gallos: present Can: present
A yllyn ny ...? Can we ...?
Gyllowgh, why a yll (y hyllo’why) ... Yes, you can ...
Na yllowgh, ny yllo’why ... No, you cannot ...
A yllo’why ....? Can you ...?
Gyllyn, ny a yll (y hyllyn ny) ... Yes, we can ...
Na yllyn, ny yllyn ny ... No, we cannot ...
Gallos: termyn eus passys Can: past
A ylle’why ...? Were you able to ...?
Have you been able to ...?
Gyllyn, ny a ylly (y hyllyn ny) ... Yes, we were able to...
Yes, we have been able to ...
Na yllyn, ny yllyn ny ... No, we were not able to ...
No, we have not been able to ...
Gallos: amser ambosek Can: conditional
A alse’why ...? Would you be able to ...?
Galsen, ny a alsa (y halsen ny) ... Yes, we would be able to ...
Na alsen, ny alsen ny ... No, we would not be able to ...
Godhvos: present Know: present
A wodho’why? Do you know?
Godhyn, ny a wor Yes, we know
Na wodhyn, ny wodhyn ny No, we do not know
Godhvos: termyn eus passys Know: past
A wodhye’why? Did you know?
Godhyen, ny a wodhya Yes, we knew
Na wodhyen, ny wodhyen ny No, we did not know